Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist inclinations. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as styles of art, a written language, and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territorial holdings. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the huge cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand those who support the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event attracted an impressive crowd of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which reported on its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. 에볼루션 바카라 체험 , the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining schemes that have shaped the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.